Internet censorship in Germany
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Although Internet censorship in Germany is traditionally been rated as low, it is practised directly and indirectly through various laws and court decisions.[1] German law provides for freedom of speech and press with several exceptions, including what The Guardian has called "some of the world's toughest laws around hate speech".[2] An example of content censored by law is the removal of web sites from Google search results that deny the holocaust, which is a felony under German law. According to the Google Transparency Report, the German government is frequently one of the most active in requesting user data after the United States.[citation needed] However, in Freedom House's Freedom On the Net 2022 Report, Germany was rated the eighth most free of the 70 countries rated.[3]
Most cases of Internet censorship in Germany occur after state court rulings. One example is a 2009 court order, forbidding German Wikipedia to disclose the identity of Wolfgang Werlé and Manfred Lauber, two criminals convicted of the murder of the Bavarian actor Walter Sedlmayr. In another case, Wikipedia.de (an Internet domain run by Wikimedia Deutschland) was prohibited from pointing to the actual Wikipedia content. The court order was as a temporary injunction in a case filed by politician Lutz Heilmann over claims in a German Wikipedia article regarding his past involvement with the former German Democratic Republic's intelligence service Stasi.[4]
The first known case of Internet censorship in Germany occurred in 1996, when the Verein zur Förderung eines Deutschen Forschungsnetzes banned some IP addresses from Internet access.[5]
Relevant laws
[edit]Access Impediment Act
[edit]In June 2009, the Bundestag passed the Access Impediment Act or Zugangserschwerungsgesetz[6] that introduced Internet blocking of sites found to distribute child pornography.[7][8] Against the backdrop of an intense political debate, the law did not come into force until federal elections in September 2009 changed the setup of the governing coalition. In talks between the new governing parties CDU and FDP, it was agreed that no blocking would be implemented for one year, focusing on take-down efforts instead. After one year the success of the deletion policy would be reviewed.[9] The governing parties ultimately decided in April 2011 to repeal the law altogether.[10]
Ancillary copyright for press publishers
[edit]After lobbying efforts by news publishers which began in 2009, the Bundesrat considered a law preventing search results from returning excerpts from news sites unless the search engine has paid a license for them. It passed in 2013 and was widely interpreted as an attempt to have Google subsidize German news.[11][12] In response, Google modified search to only display headlines for certain sites. The publishing collective VG Media claimed in an unsuccessful lawsuit that removing the snippets rather than licensing them was an antitrust violation.[13] Other supporters of the bill, including Axel Springer, saw an overall decrease in their readership following its passage.[14]
Network Enforcement Act
[edit]The Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz or NetzDG was passed in June 2017 as a measure to require social media companies in Germany to censor extremism online, with significant hate speech provisions as well.[15] The law, which applies to for-profit websites with over 2 million users, demands the removal of offensive illegal content within 24 hours and allows for one week to review "more legally ambiguous content".[16] It was authored by Heiko Maas and went into full effect in January 2018.
Critics have questioned the feasibility of fining companies €50 million for failing to comply, and pointed to hundreds of new German content moderators hired by Facebook.[17] A report testing the amount of illegal content that could be removed within 24 hours found figures of 90% for YouTube, 39% for Facebook and 1% for Twitter.[18] Purveyors of satire also criticized the law after the magazine Titanic and the comedian Sophie Passmann were both suspended from Twitter after attempting to mock anti-Muslim rhetoric.[19] The United Nations special rapporteur on freedom of expression David Kaye expressed a fear that NetzDG would lead to overly restrictive blocking and Cathleen Berger of Mozilla found evidence that it was inspiring other countries to do the same.[20] Some victims of harassment campaigns have supported increased restrictions and stated "I don't mind if other comments get deleted along with the bad ones."[21]
Opposition politicians including Nicola Beer of the FDP, Simone Peter of the Green Party and Sahra Wagenknecht of The Left, have criticized the idea of putting decisions about online discourse in the hands of American companies, with the latter calling it "a slap in the face of all democratic principles".[22] In what has been called the "first test case" of NetzDG, a German Internet user sued Facebook for deleting a post that was critical of Germany. In April 2018, the court obtained an injunction ordering that the comment be restored.[23]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "ONI Country Profiles", Research section at the OpenNet Initiative web site, a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa
- ^ Oltermann, Philip (2018-01-05). "Tough new German law puts tech firms and free speech in spotlight". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
- ^ "Freedom on the Net 2022" (PDF). Freedom House. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- ^ Efroni, Zohar (16 November 2008). "German Court Orders to Block Wikipedia.de Due to Offending Article". Center for Internet and Society Blog. Stanford University Law School. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
- ^ "Der Versuch einer Zensur im Internet" (in German). 1997-04-23. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
- ^ Gesetz zur Erschwerung des Zugangs zu kinderpornographischen Inhalten in Kommunikationsnetzen (in German) (Act for impeding access to child pornography content in communications networks).
- ^ "Kabinett beschließt Netzsperren gegen Kinderpornos" Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine (in German) (Cabinet approves blocking against child pornography), Pressestelle Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (Press Office Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology), 22 April 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
- ^ "Namentliche Abstimmung: Bekämpfung von Kinderpornografie" (in German) (Roll-call vote: combating child pornography), 18 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009. Archived June 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "New German government reaches key internet security agreements", Neil King, Deutsche Welle, 15 October 2009.
- ^ German Internet blocking law to be withdrawn, EDRi-gram newsletter, European Digital Rights, 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Two front battle". The European. 2013-10-19. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
- ^ Sterling, Greg (2013-05-16). "German "Ancillary Copyright" Law To Go Into Effect, Imposes Limits On Search Results". Search Engine Land. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
- ^ Moody, Glyn (2015-09-24). "German Competition Authority Decides To Take No Action Over Google's Removal Of Snippets From Google News". TechDirt. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
- ^ Meyer, David (2016-03-24). "EU lawmakers are still considering this failed copyright idea". Fortune. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
- ^ Lee, Diana (2017-10-10). "Germany's NetzDG and the threat to online free speech". Yale Law School. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Appell, Mikayla (2018-01-23). "A new responsibility for Internet platforms: Germany's new hate speech law". American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Ballesteros, Carlos (2018-01-01). "Hate speech is going to cost Facebook and Twitter a fortune in 2018". Newsweek. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Scott, Mark; Delcker, Janosch (2018-01-14). "Free speech vs censorship in Germany". Politico. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Bremner, Steve (2018-04-26). "Germany and the perils of online censorship". Spiked Online. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Mong, Attila (2018-01-23). "As German hate speech law sinks Titanic's Twitter post, critics warn new powers go too far". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Evans, Patrick (2017-09-18). "Will Germany's new law kill free speech online?". BBC. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
- ^ "German opposition parties call to replace online hate speech law". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ Kerkmann, Christof; Steger, Johannes (2018-04-13). "German court overturns Facebook 'censorship'". Handelsblatt. Retrieved 2018-06-08.